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The insects: Structure and function R. F. Chapman
Publisher: CUP

Sodium is critical for many physiological functions in insects. Despite their diversity, all adult insects share some basic external and internal anatomical features. Silk covers the mouth of this bag when the larvae get ready to transform into adults. Clements AN: The Biology of Mosquitoes: Sensory Reception and Behaviour Volume 2. When the larvae are ready to pupate, the cases are closed with pads of silk similar to those produced by moths. Herbivorous insects should expend considerable energy to compensate for sodium deficiency due to low sodium concentration in most inland plants upon which they feed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998. However, sodium compensation behaviors such as mud-puddling have been observed in some Chapman R: The insects: structure and function. The Insects has been the standard textbook in the field since the first edition published over forty years ago. Chapman RF: The Insects: Structure and Function. The insects of the order Embioptera are commonly known as web-spinners and produce silk from structures on their legs. In this new fourth edition, the authors introduce the key features of insect structure, function, behavior, ecology and classification, placed within the latest ideas on insect evolution. The labial glands, generally used to produce saliva, take on the function of silk production in Lepidoptera and Trichoptera.